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        In the reading material, the professor mainly introduced why animals play, and he gave us three reasons, which were surplus energy theory, instinct-practice theory, and social functions theory, together with the explanations. In the listening material, the lecturer contradicted each of the three reasons.

        First of all, the reading material stated that animals usually had surplus energy that they could not store, which was surplus energy theory. In the listening, however, the lecturer disagreed with the statement. He stated that observation of the marine mammals like seals showed that young seals had to survive all the day to wait for their parents to bring them food. At the end of the day, they did not have much energy remained, but they still played in their spare time.

        In addition, the reading material said that young animals played as part of their physical education. Nevertheless, the professor in the listening argued with an experiment. In the experiment, the researchers use two groups of the same young cats. In group one, the cats are allowed to play, whereas is group two, the cats are not. When the cats grow up, group one cats do not show any better skills than group two cats.

        Last but not least lies the social functions theory. The reading material stated that animals played to establish social relationships within their groups. The release of pleasure-causing chemicals in the brain might motivate the animals to stay together as a harmonious group even while not playing. Notwithstanding, argued in the listening lecture, the play might not necessary for rats to develop social behavior. Rats only played when they are very young. Even for the old rats that did not play anymore, their certain brain part that was important for the social behavior could still develop.

        In accordance with all these above, the listening disproved all three theory stated by the reading article.
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